Understanding batteries and theory of recharging ?
Battery recharging has come a long way, but not perfected because of lack of understanding of physics and theories of battery capacity.
The most important theory is mass deficiency of electrons(made of an array of gamma ray particles) in atoms(compared to carbon or oxygen atom), which explains many nuclear engineering principles. Mass deficiency is based on the random collision of electrons due to random orbit of electrons. Then electrons lose mass, made of gamma ray particles. So, we have to inject gamma ray particle to replanish the electrons. Some isotops therefore can not exist, they degrade to the next lighter element in the periodic chart to be stable. Nuclear engineering thus promotes supercharging uranium and transmutation theory has been proven to work every time. Half life of atoms super charged can be predicted, and carbon dating is used to predict age of relics.
Since this is the basic theory in atomic physics, then battery life and subsequent recharging can be designed.
In atomic supercharging technology, we have to use high voltage(230,000 volts today, but its too high and not productive). I predict lower voltage and shorter bursts will be more efficient.
In battery recharging, we have to use 80-100% over voltage and less duration to prevent higher temperature and picking up moisture in the battery from reverse osmosis. Batteries should have hermatic seal of wax and resin(melting point design).
Turned out the charge cycle can only be a few seconds. Charging steadily for a minute will be fruitless. Charging a few seconds, the batteries of alkaline or lithium, both will have more voltage improvement. the current capacity will also be restored after a few of a few second recharging. This makes electron supercharging(transmutation) theory the major expanation of battery charging technology. Battery voltage(1.5 volts) changes when alkaline formulation transmutated(1.9 volts).
With proper charging circuit, restoration of battery capacity can be done in minutes instead of hours. I have been doing this research for about a year, looking at all the charging circuits of NiCd, NiMh, Lithium, alkaline and ZincCarbon batteries. The most important theory is supercharging of electrons to recover mass deficiency of battery media. Restored elctrons will again provide battery capacity. Restoring gamma ray particles means you can not accelerate(high voltage) the charging injection, to bounce out too many gamma ray particles, which has to be bonded(partocle attraction force) to other particles in an array in each elctron.
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OLPC project and battery theories ?
OLPC project had a generator design but not stored yet in batteries. Generators hand cranked seem futile, unless the charging cycle can be shortened. Doped lithium batteries may work well; but the charging circuit design from the hand cranked generator is the first priority for the success of the project.
I would recommand high battery voltage and small curent capacity to be easily recharged, by a high voltage generator.
The battery to laptop switching power supply, then change high voltage small current to low voltage high current demands. Switching circuits are over 95/98% efficincy; if frequencies are 1-10 mhz.
This arrangement looks good. some research can be done on Alkaline batteries to lower initial costs of the OLPC project customers. Battery voltage if observed by the laptop, can be replenished by a few cranks of the AC alternator(DC pulses) at a time, not waiting for batteries to be depleted.
Footnote:
Alkaline batteries are charged a few seconds at 240 ma, 2.4 volts, E2 lithium batteries are charged a few seconds at 140 ma, 1.3 volts DC. They can charged a few time in seconds to add stored voltage to the battery. They can be repeatedly recharged many times, because of the gamma ray particle restoration theory.
More footnote:
What I said was stop the charge in a few seconds. What I did not say is the secret that the batteries were removed with power on the charger. The 5-6 times of steady voltage due to inductance kick, charged just before disconnect has to be accounted for. So many joules of energy had been injected by inductance kick. That had to be in the charging circuit.
Most important footnote:
Common knowledge on automotive lead acide batteries is that Alternators with 75, 3 phase AC voltage rectified with 6 diodes can recharge fully from a dead 12 volt battery in 15 minutes with the engine idling(charging at 15 amps rate). You do not have to recharge the amp/hr capacity that the battery is rated, like the battery industry believes. You only have to restore the gamma ray particles in lead acid. 5-6 times the battery voltage is the magic number for voltage used to restore gamma ray particles in electrons of atoms.
Even more important footnote:
In all atoms the number of electrons and random orbits require different pulse rate of charge particles not to collide(Compton's Law) with too many particles in the atom. Softlanding of particles into the array in any electron needs to be fine tuned and random orbit and pulse rate intensity has to be studied for each type of atom. Some experiment has to be done by atomic energy agencies for nuclear fuel rods' enrichment, same as battery recharging. But fuel rods with pyrex(lead shielding and radiation distancing) sleeve may reduce heavy water reactors further contamination and lengthen life of fuel rods from fractures.